Atlantic Slave Trade and Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Atlantic Slave Trade and Christianity - Essay Example 213). After its cancelation by the beginning of the nineteenth century, subjection appeared in the South as result of the trans-Atlantic exchange. Christianity by then was at that point present on account of the European pioneers and colonizers in the New World. Issues have been raised relating to the legitimateness of subjection in the laws of God contrasted with the laws of man and the general public. From these things, an inquiry rises: What is the heritage the Atlantic slave exchange brought to the white and dark Christians In request to address this inquiry, this paper gives a foundation of the Atlantic slave exchange including the fundamental spots who took part in the triangular exchange. It additionally specifies the job of Christianity in surveying slave-possession and slave exchange America. Nathan Nunn (2005) reports the absolute slave sends out from Africa in the year 1410 up to 1913 as appeared in Figure 1. The Trans-Atlantic slave exchange has the most noteworthy African slave trades with an aggregate of 12.7 million slaves. It is trailed by the Trans-Saharan exchange with around 3 million fares. The Red Sea and Indian Ocean exchanges have 1.3 million and 1.1 million separately. He additionally indicated the top African nations that have the most noteworthy slave sends out in a similar term. Nigeria, Zaire and Angola are the three most noteworthy slave sending out nations with an aggregate of just about 2 million sent out slaves every (12 percent). (Nunn 2005) Figure 1 The Triangular Trade A significant element encompassing the trans-Atlantic exchange is the triangular exchange. In 1450 until the last piece of the nineteenth century, the African slaves were gained by the European nations like Portugal from West Africa. The rulers and vendors in Africa completely upheld the routine since they got various assortments of exchange merchandise like globules, cowrie shells, materials, liquor, ponies and weapons. This procedure portrays the primary side of the triangular exchange. From West Africa, the procured African slaves were shipped to the New World. This speaks to the center or the second side of the triangular exchange. This piece of the exchange was the most exceedingly terrible for the African slaves since they endured lack of healthy sustenance and new maladies on the way to the New World. In the wake of arriving at the New World, the slaves took a shot at various ranches. The last items: cotton, sugar, tobacco, molasses, and rum were sent to Europe. This plan is t he last side of the triangular trade.1 B. Fundamental Actors Portugal In the year 1502, there were reports of the presence of African slaves in the New World or now the Unites States of America. Portugal was viewed in that time as the nation that held a restraining infrastructure of African slaves for just about 200 years beginning from 1440 up to 1640. The Portuguese assumed a significant job in trading the slaves from Africa during the range of time. For just about four and a half hundreds of years, Portugal had sent out a rough number of 4.5 million African slaves bookkeeping to 40 percent of the general number.2 England England additionally took an interest in the trans-Atlantic slave exchange albeit later it organized the prohibiting of slave exchange. In the early many years of the eighteenth century Britain was a key dealer who moved 2.5 million out the 6 million

Autobiography of a Face, by Lucy Grealy Essay -- The Search for Unatta

In her diary, Autobiography of a Face, Lucy Grealy recounts to the account of how the disfigurements brought about by her malignancy constrained her into an existence of separation, pitiless affront, and misery. Grealy obviously exhibits how a general public that unreasonably underscores female excellence can adversely influence a little youngster, particularly one with a distortion. Most decipher this story as a path for Grealy to communicate the agony that she suffered on the grounds that she didn't match society’s meaning of female magnificence, a standard that powers young ladies into unfortunate propensities, plastic medical procedure, and genuine misery. In the afterword of the diary, Grealy’s companion, Ann Patchett, attempts to change this understanding by saying that Grealy never implied for it to be an account of the hardships she looked as a little youngster with a distortion; she basically wanted it to be seen â€Å"as a bit of literature.† (232). Non etheless, this short section detracts from the significant message that Grealy communicates in her journal: that the out of reach norms of female magnificence in the public eye can wreck the delight and employment of little youngsters. Grealy justifiably denied this as her explanation behind composing on the grounds that, to her, conceding that an incredible narrative was commanded by her disfigurement would resemble conceding that she had never lived. She as often as possible clarifies in her diary that she yearned for physical excellence so she could at long last live without confinement and disheartening. To mark her journal an account of forlornness and distress would concede that she never arrived at this feeling of excellence she so emphatically wanted. In spite of Ann Patchett’s understanding of the diary, it should in any case be viewed as a story exhibiting how society’s inaccessible norms of magnificence can censure the lives of little youngsters, as ... ...t of genders turns out to be increasingly equivalent, youngsters may start to build up the propensities for young ladies who make a decent attempt to satisfy an ideal standard of excellence. This issue ought not and can't be overlooked, and right affirmation of stories like Grealy’s will fix open doors for young ladies to protect and appreciate what truly makes them wonderful. Works Cited A Conversation With Lucy Grealy. Charlie Rose. Web. 5 Mar 2010. Graydon, Shari. How the Media Keeps Us Hung Up on Body Image. Herizons 22.1 (2008): n. pag. Web. 5 Mar 2010. Grealy, Lucy. Personal history of a Face. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1994. Print. Kruger, Paula. 1 of every 5 Girls Display Eating Disorder Behavior. ABC News . 20 Jul 2007. ABC, Web. 5 Mar 2010. Sweeney, Camille. Looking for Self-Esteem Through Surgery. New York Times 14 Jan 2009: n. pag. Web. 5 Mar 2010.

Color Psychology Does It Affect How You Feel

Color Psychology Does It Affect How You Feel Theories Cognitive Psychology Print Color Psychology: Does It Affect How You Feel? How Colors Impact Moods, Feelings, and Behaviors By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 14, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 17, 2019 More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Psychological Effects Therapy Modern Research Influence on Performance Consumer Purchases View All Back To Top Do you feel anxious in a yellow room? Does the color blue make you feel calm and relaxed? Artists and interior designers have long believed that color can dramatically affect moods, feelings, and emotions. Colors, like features, follow the changes of the emotions, the artist Pablo Picasso once remarked.   Color is a powerful communication tool and can be used to signal action, influence mood, and even influence  physiological reactions. Certain colors have been associated with increased blood pressure, increased metabolism, and eyestrain. So how exactly does color work? How is color  believed to impact mood and behavior? Verywell / Joshua Seong What Is Color Psychology? In 1666, English scientist Sir Isaac Newton discovered that when pure white light passes through a prism, it separates into all of the visible colors. Newton also found that each color is made up of a single wavelength and cannot be separated any further into other colors. Further experiments demonstrated that light could be combined to form other colors. For example, red light mixed with yellow light creates an  orange color. Some colors, such as green  and magenta, cancel each other out when mixed and result in a white light. If you have ever painted, then you have probably noticed how certain colors can be mixed to create other colors.   Given the prevalence of color, one would expect color psychology to be a well-developed area,  researchers Andrew Elliot and Markus Maier have noted. Surprisingly, little theoretical or empirical work has been conducted to date on colors influence on psychological functioning,?? and the work that has been done has been driven mostly by practical concerns, not scientific rigor. Despite the general lack of research in this area, the concept of color psychology has become a hot topic in marketing, art, design, and other areas. Much of the evidence in this emerging area is anecdotal at best, but researchers and experts have made a few important discoveries and observations about the psychology of color and the effect it has on moods, feelings, and behaviors. Your feelings about color are often deeply personal and rooted in your own experience or culture. For example, while the color white is used in many Western countries to represent purity and innocence, it is seen as a symbol of mourning in many Eastern countries. The Psychological Effects of Color Why is color such a powerful force in our lives? What effects can it have on our bodies and minds? While perceptions of color are somewhat subjective, there are some color effects that have universal meaning. Colors in the red area of the color spectrum are known as warm colors and include red, orange, and yellow. These warm colors evoke emotions ranging from feelings of warmth and comfort to feelings of anger and hostility. Colors on the blue side of the spectrum are known as cool colors and include blue, purple, and green. These colors are often described as calm, but can also call to mind feelings of sadness or indifference. How do people respond to different colors? Select  a color below to learn more about the possible effects and find reactions from other readers: Black  White  Red  Blue  Green  Yellow  Purple  Brown  Orange  Pink Color Psychology as Therapy Several ancient cultures, including the Egyptians and Chinese, practiced chromotherapy, or the use of colors to heal. Chromotherapy is sometimes referred to as light therapy or colorology and is still used today as a holistic or alternative treatment.?? In this treatment: Red was used to stimulate the body and mind and to increase circulation.Yellow was thought to stimulate the nerves and purify the body.Orange was used to heal the lungs and to increase energy levels.Blue was believed to soothe illnesses and treat pain.Indigo shades were thought to alleviate skin problems. Modern Research on Color Psychology Most psychologists view color therapy with skepticism and point out that the supposed effects of color are often grossly exaggerated. Colors also have different meanings in different cultures. Research has demonstrated in many cases that the mood-altering effects of color may only be temporary. A blue room may initially cause feelings of calm, but the effect dissipates after a short period of time. However, existing research has found that color can impact people in a variety of surprising ways: One study found that warm-colored placebo pills were reported as more effective than cool-colored placebo pills.Anecdotal evidence has suggested that installing blue-colored streetlights can lead to reduced crime in those areas.More recently, researchers discovered that the color red causes people to react with greater speed and force, something that might prove useful during athletic activities.??A study that looked at historical data found that sports teams dressed in mostly black uniforms are more likely to receive penalties and that students were more likely to associate negative qualities with a player wearing a black uniform. Color Can Influence Performance Studies have also shown that certain colors can have an impact on performance. No one likes to see a graded test covered in red ink, but one study found that seeing the color red before taking an exam actually hurt test performance.?? While the color red is often described as threatening, arousing or exciting, many previous studies on the impact of the color red have been largely inconclusive. The study found, however, that exposing students to the color red prior to an exam has been shown to have a negative impact on test performance. In the first of the six experiments described in the study, 71 U.S. colleges students were presented with a participant number colored either red, green or black prior to taking a five-minute test. The results revealed that students who were presented with the red number before taking the test scored more than 20 percent lower than those presented with the green and black numbers. Color and Consumer Purchases Color psychology suggests that various shades can have a wide range of effects, from boosting our moods to causing anxiety.  But could the color of the products you purchase ever say something about your personality? For example, could the color of the car you buy somehow relate to some underlying personality traits or quirks? Your color preferences why buying items might say something about the type of image you may be trying to project. Color preferences, from the clothes you wear to the car you drive, can sometimes make a statement about how we want other people to perceive us. Other factors such as age and gender can also influence the color choices we make. White: As many of our readers have suggested, the color white can feel fresh and clean. The color is often used to evoke a sense of youth and modernity.  Black: Our readers often describe black as a powerful color, which might be the reason why black is the most popular color for luxury vehicles. People often describe the color as sexy, powerful, mysterious, and even ominous.Silver: Its the third most popular color for vehicles and linked to a sense of innovation and modernity. High tech products are often silver, so the color is often linked to things that are new, modern, and cutting-edge.Red: Dreaming of a red vehicle? Red is a bold, attention-getting color, so preferring this type of car might mean you want to project an image of power, action, and confidence.Blue: People often describe blue as the color of stability and safety. Driving a blue car or SUV might indicate that you are dependable and trustworthy.Yellow: According to the experts, driving a yellow vehicle might mean th at you are a happy person in general and perhaps a bit more willing than the average person to take risks.Gray: The experts suggest that people who drive gray cars dont want to stand out and instead prefer something a bit more subtle. Of course, the color selections we make are often influenced by factors including price, selection, and other practical concerns. Not only that, but color preferences can also change in time.?? A person might prefer brighter, more attention-getting colors when they are younger, but find themselves drawn to more traditional colors as they grow older. The personality of the buyer can play an important role in color selection, but buyers are often heavily influenced by factors such as price as well as availability. For example, purchasing a white vehicle might be less about wanting people to think that you are young and modern and more about the climate you live in; people who live in hot climates typically prefer light-colored vehicles over dark ones. Additional Research Is Still Needed Interest in the subject of color psychology is growing, but there remain a number of unanswered questions. How do color associations develop? How powerful is the influence of these associations on real-world behavior? Can color be used to increase worker productivity or workplace safety? What colors have an impact on consumer behavior? Do certain personality types prefer certain colors? As researchers continue to explore such questions, we may soon learn more about the impact that color has on human psychology. Zena OConnor, a faculty member in the Department of Architecture, Design, and Planning at the University of Sydney, suggests that people should be wary of many of the claims they see about the psychology of color. Many of these claims lack substantiation in terms of empirical support, exhibit fundamental flaws (such as causal oversimplification and subjective validation), and may include factoids presented as facts, OConnor explains. In addition, such claims often refer to outdated research without referring to current research findings. A Word From Verywell Color can play an important role in conveying information, creating certain moods, and even influencing the decisions people make. Color preferences also exert an influence on the objects people choose to purchase, the clothes they wear, and the way they adorn their environments. People often select objects in colors that evoke certain moods or feelings, such as selecting a car color that seems sporty, futuristic, sleek, or trustworthy. Room colors can also be used to evoke specific moods, such as painting a bedroom a soft green to create a peaceful mood. So whats the bottom line? Experts have found that while color can have an influence on how we feel and act, these effects are subject to personal, cultural, and situational factors. More scientific research is needed to gain a better understanding of color psychology.

The Existence of Fate - Heavily Debated for Many Years - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1051 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Manifest Destiny Essay Did you like this example? Is someones destiny really predetermined? Or is life just a series of coincidences and butterfly effects? In Virgils epic, The Aeneid, we follow the Trojan hero, Aeneas, through a difficult journey in an attempt to fulfill his god-given destiny. A key theme in Virgils writing is the emphasis on how the success of the Roman Empire is a guaranteed prophecy. The source of his fortune stems from the Fates and Jupiters plan to grant power, empire without end (Virgil 56) to Aeneass family line. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Existence of Fate Heavily Debated for Many Years" essay for you Create order His fate is set in stone by a higher power, and the foundations of the empire have been set. A prime example of the role of fate in the epic can be seen in book IV of The Aeneid, when Aeneas is compared to a sturdy oak grown tough with age when the Northwinds blasting off the Alps compete, fighting left and right, to wrench it from the earth (Virgil 143) in his decision to follow through with Jupiters reminder. Through Virgils use of Aeneass resolve, supernatural interference, and the importance of piety, Aeneass relationship with Queen Dido contributes to the motif that because of his assigned destiny, the Roman Empire was a success story that was bound to happen. Even in the face of much difficulty and opposition, Aeneass determination to bring about the future success of the Roman Empire remains ever-present. From the initial storm, scattering his men, to the war in Italy, rivaling the very war that cost the lives of so many of his loved ones, Aeneas faces many obstacles in his quest to fulfill his destiny. One obstacle worth noting, is his relationship with Dido. When reminded by Jupiter of his greater purpose, Aeneas makes the resolve to leave for Italy, having to face the tears and emotions of the betrayed Dido. Even so, he remains as firm as a sturdy oak grown tough with age when the Northwinds blasting off the Alps compete, fighting left and right, to wrench it from the earth His will unmoved (Virgil 143). Virgil places emphasis on Aeneass steadfastness, with eleven lines dedicated to his strength against trials and tribulations that threaten to knock him down. Though he takes the full force of love and suffering deep in his great heart (Virgil 143), it isnt enough to cause Aeneas to lose the grasp on his goal completely. As the perfect example of Roman values, Aeneas remains adamant in achieving his destiny. Through the diversions that come his way, Virgil indirectly states that no level of hardship is enough to prevent the Roman Empire from reaching its predestined level of power. Another method in which Virgil hints at the theme of the god-ordained success of the Roman Empire,, is through his implementation of supernatural interference. A clear example of this can be seen when Dido begs for Aeneas to reconsider, in tears at the thought of his abandonment. Aware of Aeneass affection for her, Dido does all she can to make him return to her, resort[ing] to her tears, driven to move the man, her pride to passion. So if die she must, shell leave no way untried (Virgil 142). However, Aeneas offers no response, as he is deaf to all appeals. He wont relent. The Fates bar the way and heaven blocks his gentle, human ears (Virgil 143). As stated, Didos words falls quite literally on deaf ears; not due to Aeneass own stubbornness, but due to the work of the heaven and the Fates in an effort to prevent Aeneas from being swayed. It seems that at moments where human resolve may waver, the gods are sure to keep order in check. Virgils repeated references to the will of the gods unconsciously places even more emphasis on what is believed to be the completely deserved power of Rome. The glory that the empire achieved was due to far more than just the grit and will of men, but also due to Jupiter and the will of The Fates. Through supernatural interference, Virgil adds on to the pride of the Romans, who, much like Aeneas, seem to curry favor with the gods with nothing other than their identity as pious, powerful Romans. However, it is more than just the work of the gods that play a heavy hand in the way the story plays out, but Aeneass own will as well. His piety remains a consistent part of his determination to play out his predetermined role in history. It is important to note that in Latin, the term pietas refers to more than just religion; it also refers to ones duty to his family, and country. Whether it be to the gods, his family, or his country, Aeneas remains steadfast in his obligations. Despite the connection he has shared with Dido, Aeneas is driven by duty Strongly as he longs to ease and allay her sorrow, speak to her, turn away her anguish with reassurance in spite of all he obeys the gods commands and back he goes to his ships (Virgil 141). Though he does hold a great love for Dido, Aeneas is so pious that he puts the will of the gods above his own. Here, Virgil places emphasis on the importance of ones destiny. Though following through with fate may cause pain and suffering, the sacr ifice is essential for the greater goodâ€Å" an understanding that Aeneas knew all too well. As the story moves forward, his sense of duty to a higher power becomes an even more overwhelming motif in his character as a whole. In conclusion, Virgil makes very clear the prominence of destiny in the success of the Roman Empire. Despite the many obstacles that obstruct Aeneass path, nothing is able to prevent him from historic success. Virgils use of supernatural interference supports the idea that through Aeneas, the Romans held favor in the eyes of the gods; that with the heavens on their side, greatness would always be within reach. Furthermore, Aeneass sense of duty to the gods, his nation, and to his people, act as a motivating point for him, pushing him to continue on in his quest despite the personal pain it may cause. Overall, through Aeneass relationship with the Queen Dido, Virgil gives the reader a small peek into a topic widely known as manifest destiny regarding the success of the Roman Empire.

Minorities - 695 Words

The majority of the 300+ million people currently living in the U.S. are the White race; this is the case in 49 of the fifty states, with the exception of Hawaii. White race includes both Hispanic Americans and Non Hispanic Americans. The Hispanic Americans hold the highest portion of the population in the Midwest of the United States, while the Non-Hispanics make about 79 percent of our population. The common ancestries are from Europe and the Middle East. They came to North America and homesteaded here learning from the natives. After time, more of Europe sailed over and the population grew. The White American has been the most promenade race in the United States since Columbus sailed to North America. The natives taught the Europeans†¦show more content†¦I believe that laws have been used greatly to reinforce discrimination throughout the years by this I imply that people are being judged and denied the opportunity of acquiring respect and chances of achieving their goal s because certain laws either intentionally or not are preventing them from doing so. One example can be how the society views weight as well as personal appearance as characteristics which an individual can control, here we go back to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which does not prevent any employer from actually judging and discrimination another employee or applicant of the job based upon their appearance or weight. Another example against a race, most people belonging to the African or Hispano origin struggle to actually be hired at a variety of workplaces this is mainly because there is a very distinct immigration law just like Arizona’s new law which prohibits several individuals from being hired for a number of reasons, different papers requires which act as an excuse to prevent these people form actually getting a good work or position these laws were directly intended to Africans and Hispanic illegally immigrated people. Although many laws have been implemented in the wrong way and have been either unintentionally or intentionally reinforcing discrimination, they have also been used to eliminate it. There are many laws nowadays especially those which are implemented at work which prevent any workplace discrimination or workforceShow MoreRelatedMinority Groups: Ethnic Minorities890 Words   |  4 Pagescustoms, and practices. 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In terms of their economic stature it can be easily argued that they are disadvantaged because; those of the minority are typically impoverished, which would elude that their general development will be different than those of privileged backgrounds. But what I want to find out is if societies construct their laws and regulations to intentionally set up their minority citizens to fail? Before we can answer thatRead MoreHow Women And Racial Minorities Are Marginalized1477 Words   |  6 PagesIf you take a moment and try to do a head count of how many women and racial minorities there are in public office right now, you would be astonished with the lack of diversity in politics. Minority groups such as women and non-white individuals are prone to different treatment in society compared to male and white individuals, and politics is no exception. Generally, there are 37 states in which there are less than 10 percent of women representatives in single or lower houses (UN Women, 2016). InRead MoreHealth Disparities And Health Care For Minorities917 Words   |  4 PagesRacial bias in medicine leads to worse care for minorities is an article from U.S News world report on the website http://health.usnews.com/health-news/patient-advice/articles/2016-02-11/racial-bias-in-medicine-leads-to-worse-care-for-minorities. In this article, the experience of a medical doctor is used to shed light on the subject of racial bias/ discrimination in health care and how it is affecting health outcome of racial and ethnic minority. â€Å"Race or ethnic group is a major social factorRead MoreMinority Groups within Empires1090 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction 1- What is a minority 2- Empires and Minorities Body Paragraphs: 1- Romans and Minorities 2- The Ottomans and Minorities 3- The United States and Minorities 4- Minorities and Destroying Empires Conclusion: 1- Recommendations regarding dealing with minorities When the word â€Å"Empire† is heard, people tend to think of a hegemonic state with an emperor that oppresses all those who oppose him. Such an impression is not the result of nothingness, but that of shallow knowledge of certain

Law 421 Case Scenario Big Time Toymaker. Free Essays

Case Scenario: Big Time Toymaker. The parties did have a contract for exclusive negotiation rights as stated in the case scenario. Big Time Toymaker (BTT) paid Chou $25,000 for a 90-day period of exclusivity, thus prohibiting Chou from soliciting or entertaining offers from other parties. We will write a custom essay sample on Law 421 Case Scenario: Big Time Toymaker. or any similar topic only for you Order Now The agreement stipulated that unless it was written no distribution contract existed. Prior to the 90-days elapsing, the parties reached an oral agreement and BTT sent Chou an e-mail titled â€Å"Strat Deal† covering the key terms of the distribution agreement reaffirming the oral agreement. This e-mail does not constitute a contract for several reasons. First, this was part of the negotiation process and Chou failed to draft the contract to â€Å"memorialize† the deal. Second, the requirement of a signature is in compliance with the statute of frauds. This is the one element uniformly required to compel a court to enforce. Factors that weigh in for Chou are first, the e-mail sent by BTT’s manager clearly shows delineates the terms of the distribution agreement. Second, BTT’s request for the draft contract even after a month had elapsed. These actions go to show that BTT intended to continue the deal even after a month. Factors that weigh against are first, Chou failed to send the draft contract as he stated. Second, Chou assumed the e-mail sent by BTT took the place of a written distribution agreement contract. Third, he failed to follow up and get an agreement in writing signed. BTT’s e-mail to Chou caused further investigation in the analysis of the first two questions. First, the case scenario states the e-mail was sent by â€Å"a BTT manager,† not the chief executive officer or the like. The e-mail on its own is not sufficient to constitute â€Å"signed writings† within the meaning of Statute of Frauds. Last, the e-mail lacked the typed name of the person at BTT authorized to make the deal. BTT could not back out of the contract under the doctrine of mistake. Under this doctrine there has to be a misunderstanding that any of the parties erroneously believe that certain facts is true, or a common mistake shared by both parties (â€Å"Different Types of Lawyer,†Ã‚  2011). In this case no key misunderstanding existed and common mistake made that was operative. According to Melvin (2011),  consideration is most often when the offeror holds an offer open for a period. For arguments sake, and this e-mail constituted an agreement, the consideration would be the one month from Chou received the e-mail and the fax request from BTT. There are four remedies for breach of contract under UCC Article 2. Categorized as remedies of law; the first is compensatory damages, which cover direct losses and costs. Compensatory damages are an attempt to put the non-breaching party in the same position it would have been had they not suffered the breach. Second are consequential damages, which are to cover indirect and foreseeable losses not covered by compensatory damages. Third is restitution to prevent the unjust enrichment of one party in the agreement. Fourth, liquidated damages are provisions agreed to by the parties when drawing up the contract in the event of a default or breach of contract by either party (Melvin, 2011). Warranties come in two forms, either expressed or implied. The difference in the two is expressed warranties are stated and implied warranties are terms not discussed by the parties yet covered by the UCC. Examples of expressed warranties are often supplied with new automobiles or cell phones sold with lengthy, written, and specific warranties. An example of an implied warranty would be a mason who has become accustomed to the quality of brick his supplier has been providing. A violation of the implied warranty would be the consistency of the bricks changes, and the quality is not as good. Conclusion In conclusion, it is imperative that even if some company is willing to embark on an exclusive negotiation agreement does not signify 100% commitment. Both parties need to perform as agreed upon or an unpredictable outcome is possible, even litigation. The key to any relationship in business is communication throughout the process of a deal. Amicable negotiations are speedier and preferable to remedies at law. References Different Types of Lawyer. (2011). Retrieved from http://different-types-of-lawyers. blogspot. com/2011/12/contract-law-doctrine-of-mistake. html Melvin, S. P. (2011). The Legal Environment of Business. New York, New York: McGraw Hill/Irwin. How to cite Law 421 Case Scenario: Big Time Toymaker., Essays

The Laws of Life Essay Example For Students

The Laws of Life Essay Who’s to say that a young African-American woman can’t make it in the real world, for the laws of life are different for every individual. Ronald Reagan once said, â€Å"We have every right to dream heroic dreams. † After replaying that in my mind about a thousand times, I sat and thought. I thought about those of my ethnicity and to see how far that we have come gives me the inspiration to that heroic dream. I feel like Martin Luther King, Jr. because I too have a dream. I dream of being someone else’s hero and changing the world. About eight years ago, tragedy hit my life. We will write a custom essay on The Laws of Life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now I lost one of my best friends to a blood disease known as leukemia. He became my first inspiration to make a change, as well as become someone’s hero; he was definitely my hero. To see a child so young suffer from something he never wished for was pain to my heart. But everyday he fought and everyday he showed the world just how strong he was. After my loss I knew from that day forward that I wanted to become a doctor, not to heal, but to end suffering. It wasn’t only my best fried that I lost to this dreadful disease, but I lost family. My first dream was to cure leukemia and end the suffering for those who were in pain. About a year after he passed, I began to stay around my mom a lot while she was in her work place. She was a nurse at the health department and she worked with a lot of teens. I saw how she helped them and made them feel special and relaxed and it made me see a vision. My mom became my second inspiration and my primary motivation because I wanted to be that special someone in people’s lives that made things seem okay. My vision was to save children for the next generation so that’s when I decided to become pediatrician. I then visualized having my own clinic and being ultimately successful. I don’t have to be in tights or wearing a cape to be a hero. Sometimes just your average person can be the best hero of all. I have a dream that I’ll make something of myself and everyone will remember my name. This is an essential law of life because every person deserves to have a dream. But when you’re dreaming make sure its not a dream for anyone other than yourself. When you dream make sure your set goals to help you achieve that dream. But most of all don’t let anyone tell you what you can and cannot be. We’re all equal and we all deserve to be able to dream that heroic dream inside of our heart. Being heroic doesn’t mean you have to be like Superman and it doesn’t mean you have to be a doctor or even a lawyer. Professional athletes can be heroes as well a garbage man. Everyone has someone to look up to and you should be able to dream of being like them, or better yet be better than them.

Practice in Using Adjectives Formed From Nouns Verbs

Practice in Using Adjectives Formed From Nouns Verbs This sentence-completion exercise will give you practice in using adjectives that have been formed from nouns and verbs. Instructions: Many adjectives are formed from nouns and verbs. The adjective hungry, for example, comes from hunger, which may be either a noun or a verb. For each pair of sentences below, complete the second sentence with the adjective form of the italicized noun or verb in the first sentence. When youre done, compare your answers with those below. This birdhouse is made of wood. My grandfather used to make _____ birdhouses.I dont desire fortune or fame. Not all rich and _____ people are happy.I dont desire fortune or fame. If you have good friends, you are a _____ person.I rely on my iPad for recipes while cooking. My iPad is a _____ and durable gadget.I have a deep passion for running. I am _____ about all forms of exercise.Lucy studies for at least three hours every night. She is the most _____ person in her class.The poison in this rare mushroom can cause serious kidney damage. Fortunately, most mushrooms arent _____.It takes skill and determination to be a professional race-car driver. Though I have the determination, I am not yet a _____ driver.Everyone enjoyed the concert last night. All in all, it was an _____ evening.The teacher had to raise his voice to be heard above the noise in the classroom. Its hard to get any work done in a _____ classroom.Uncle Ernie causes trouble for my family during the holidays. I have many _____ relatives. My father is accustomed to facing danger. Firefighting is a _____ profession.My friends laughed and joked and talked all during the meal. Joey was the most _____ one of all.Everyone at work obeys the bosss orders. They are remarkably _____ people.My nephew is always causing mischief. Hes a _____ little boy. Here are the correct answers (in bold) to the exercise on page one:  Practice in Using Adjectives Formed From Nouns and Verbs. My grandfather used to make  wooden  birdhouses.Not all rich and  famous  people are happy.If you have good friends, you are a  fortunate  person.My iPad is a  reliable  and durable gadget.I am  passionate  about all forms of exercise.She is the most  studious  person in her class.Fortunately, most mushrooms arent  poisonous.Though I have the determination, I am not yet a  skillful  driver.All in all, it was an  enjoyable  evening.Its hard to get any work done in a  noisy  classroom.Uncle Ernie causes  trouble  for my family during the holidays. I have many  troublesome  relatives.Firefighting is a  dangerous  profession.Joey was the most  talkative  one of all.They are remarkably  obedient  people.Hes a  mischievous  little boy.

7 Tips for Writing a Film Review

7 Tips for Writing a Film Review 7 Tips for Writing a Film Review 7 Tips for Writing a Film Review By Mark Nichol When I wrote for my college newspaper, one of the assignments I enjoyed most was writing film reviews. And I was terrible at it, as I soon realized. Why? I was writing the equivalent of book reports: movie reports. Fortunately, I came to my senses and realized that evaluating films and plays and the like (and, yes, books) is more complicated, yet more satisfying, that that. Here are some tips not necessarily in the order in which they would be applied in your writing for crafting movie reviews (which are more or less applicable for reviewing other types of composition, or even products like software or gadgets): 1. If circumstances permit, view the film more than once. It’s easy to miss key elements, or even the whole point, after just a single viewing. 2. Express your opinion of the film, but support your criticism. If you are offended or disappointed or embarrassed, provide a valid reason, even if you think it is obvious. A film review that comes across as a personal attack on an actor, director, or screenwriter or a diatribe about a genre is a failed review. 3. Adjust the style of your review for the readership. If you’re pitching reviews to a traditional publication, you’re expected to be fairly evenhanded (though even mainstream film critics are permitted nay, expected to gently mock particularly inept filmmaking). If your target audience is fanboys (and fangirls) on a movie-geek Web site, though, feel free to take the gloves off. Either way, though, support your criticism with valid observations; hurling invective is not the same thing as evaluation. 4. Avoid spoilers. One of the most pernicious fairly recent developments in the review genre is the careless, thoughtless revelation of key plot points. It’s a sign of professionalism to refrain from giving such information away. Exception: Reviews of previously released films don’t necessarily adhere to this rule, though it’s still considered sporting to warn readers or site visitors to skip to the next paragraph if they don’t want to read something. Some classy sites actually code spoilers to be invisible unless the visitor scrolls over the blank area to highlight that passage in the review. 5. Judge the story. Are the character’s actions justified, and are their motives plausible? Is there an internal consistency to the way each person behaves, or do some words, thoughts, or actions ring false? Does the plot make sense? Is the story line logical? Is the narrative arc well shaped, with an economy of form, or is it flabby or drawn out, with time-killing pointlessness? 6. Rate the actors. Do they meet the expectations dictated by the plot and other story elements? If not, is it their own thespian shortcomings, are they hampered by a poor script, or is there something about their performances that makes you believe the director is at fault? What could the performers, the screenwriters, or the filmmaker have done differently to make the movie work better? 7. Evaluate the technical elements. How do the cinematography, editing, lighting, sound, and other components support or detract from the film? Is music appropriate and effectively employed? You needn’t know film-technology jargon to share your thoughts about how these elements contributed to or detracted from the whole. Writing film reviews is in one way a thankless task: Often, readers will disagree with you, and many people will go to see movies without your wise guidance. How to avoid frustration? Writing about movies, like writing about just about anything else, should be primarily an exercise in enjoyment: You do it because you like doing it. If anybody else out there enjoys the result of your exercise in self-entertainment, so much the better but you’re your own primary audience (and your worst critic). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Spelling Test 1Top 11 Writing Apps for iOS (iPhone and iPad)Threw and Through

Peer to Peer Lending Scheme Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Peer to Peer Lending Scheme - Essay Example The following are some of the roles Mr. Campbell McBain should expect (Mostafa, 2014).The facilitator should ensure that the functions are given are fulfilled by the right people with the proper experience and authority. The facilitator is the task of developing clear objectives and agenda that are in line with the company goals. He should also decide the workshop process and briefing process. The facilitator should also ensure that logistical arrangements are. During the workshop, the facilitator ensures that objectives are, and benefits are realized. He also ensures that all relevant information is available to the group so that strategic decision-making is facilitated. After the workshop, the primary role of the facilitator is to produce and deliver the workshop report. He also reviews the report with the management of the company. McBain is not qualified for the role of facilitator although he has all the relevant knowledge about the company. McBain has been in the business for a long time and understands the role that the proposed software is supposed to play. McBain is very excited about the progress of the program. Thus, he will be available to the programmers at London Agile (Shankar et al.,2014). Despite his qualifications, it might be difficult for him to be impartial which is a quality required for the facilitator role. He should ensure he facilitates the workshop rather than dictate what is to be. A facilitator plays his role with no alignment or stake in the company, and there Campbell will not be suited for the role (Kafilongo et al, 2014) The company ambassador is the person given the responsibility of ensuring he or she embodies the cooperate identity of the company. The company ambassador has the ability of the to use promotional strategies that will strengthen the customer product relationship. It will influence a large number of organizations into using the products of the organization (Turk et al, 2014). The

Peer to Peer Lending Scheme Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Peer to Peer Lending Scheme - Essay Example The following are some of the roles Mr. Campbell McBain should expect (Mostafa, 2014).The facilitator should ensure that the functions are given are fulfilled by the right people with the proper experience and authority. The facilitator is the task of developing clear objectives and agenda that are in line with the company goals. He should also decide the workshop process and briefing process. The facilitator should also ensure that logistical arrangements are. During the workshop, the facilitator ensures that objectives are, and benefits are realized. He also ensures that all relevant information is available to the group so that strategic decision-making is facilitated. After the workshop, the primary role of the facilitator is to produce and deliver the workshop report. He also reviews the report with the management of the company. McBain is not qualified for the role of facilitator although he has all the relevant knowledge about the company. McBain has been in the business for a long time and understands the role that the proposed software is supposed to play. McBain is very excited about the progress of the program. Thus, he will be available to the programmers at London Agile (Shankar et al.,2014). Despite his qualifications, it might be difficult for him to be impartial which is a quality required for the facilitator role. He should ensure he facilitates the workshop rather than dictate what is to be. A facilitator plays his role with no alignment or stake in the company, and there Campbell will not be suited for the role (Kafilongo et al, 2014) The company ambassador is the person given the responsibility of ensuring he or she embodies the cooperate identity of the company. The company ambassador has the ability of the to use promotional strategies that will strengthen the customer product relationship. It will influence a large number of organizations into using the products of the organization (Turk et al, 2014). The

Peer to Peer Lending Scheme Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Peer to Peer Lending Scheme - Essay Example The following are some of the roles Mr. Campbell McBain should expect (Mostafa, 2014).The facilitator should ensure that the functions are given are fulfilled by the right people with the proper experience and authority. The facilitator is the task of developing clear objectives and agenda that are in line with the company goals. He should also decide the workshop process and briefing process. The facilitator should also ensure that logistical arrangements are. During the workshop, the facilitator ensures that objectives are, and benefits are realized. He also ensures that all relevant information is available to the group so that strategic decision-making is facilitated. After the workshop, the primary role of the facilitator is to produce and deliver the workshop report. He also reviews the report with the management of the company. McBain is not qualified for the role of facilitator although he has all the relevant knowledge about the company. McBain has been in the business for a long time and understands the role that the proposed software is supposed to play. McBain is very excited about the progress of the program. Thus, he will be available to the programmers at London Agile (Shankar et al.,2014). Despite his qualifications, it might be difficult for him to be impartial which is a quality required for the facilitator role. He should ensure he facilitates the workshop rather than dictate what is to be. A facilitator plays his role with no alignment or stake in the company, and there Campbell will not be suited for the role (Kafilongo et al, 2014) The company ambassador is the person given the responsibility of ensuring he or she embodies the cooperate identity of the company. The company ambassador has the ability of the to use promotional strategies that will strengthen the customer product relationship. It will influence a large number of organizations into using the products of the organization (Turk et al, 2014). The

The operation of your State Disaster Management System and its new Essay

The operation of your State Disaster Management System and its new state of the art Emergency Operations Center - Essay Example What would we do? Or maybe what could we do? Thus, if in the manner that we cannot prevent things to happen, then what we can do and must to is to be ready and prepare ourselves in any calamity that comes into our way. What matters during these times would be our lives and that we must know how to take care of ourselves up to the point that we can be at ease to our security. One of the most basic yet effective ways would be self-preparedness because even though we are already in the era of advance technologies, we cannot still rely on these most of the time and consider this as our secondary option, so to speak. There are times that the government was delayed in rescues and we cannot deny the fact that there are flaws also in the materials being used. There are also cases regarding these like for example the Dumas, Arkansas Tornado wherein the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) does not supply enough quality trailers needed. One of the most efficient and effective method used that was observed is the people empowerment method educating the citizens to manage themselves in times of calamities and disasters. What we do in here is to give free seminars, actual-case demos, the do’s and don’ts and first aids lectures to ensure maximum security of the citizens. In this way, they are at least competent to manage themselves and that these will help them a lot in times of troubles. People Empowerment Under our law, there two main agencies that are in-charge of management disaster control namely: the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) under the Executive cabinet of Department of Homeland Security (DHS); and the Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance (COE) that was established by the US Congress. In line with the DHS, the Citizens Corps (a voluntary organization) seeks to mitigate disaster and prepare the population for emergency response through public education, training, and outreach. What our state do is to give seminars and actual-case demo to at least make our citizen prepare when an unexpected things occurs. We target the youngsters in schools and teach them what they would do in times of calamities. An example would be earthquake drills, first aids and alike. We target class rooms and young people because these are the ones that mostly freak-out when disasters happen. Also, in school or university, we expect a massive population in which students outnumbered the school staff. Thus, they must know what they do to avoid things that could make the situation worst. One thing that we aim is to evade circumstances like stampede during evacuation in times of earthquake. We educate the people to know their responsibility and make them cooperate to make our disaster management system work in its full level. Moreover, we highly recommend the people to update themselves of the weather condition that the state has to prepare the things that they will need if worst cases happen. We do not st op in people empowerment alone, though we consider this as one of our best option in disaster management, still we equip our state with facilities that could easily reach out our people and backed them up to maximize their protection. We used the latest tools and gadgets that are known to be more efficient in recuing other people. The mobile emergency response support that is responsible to provide information regarding

Curvelet-based Bayesian Estimator for Speckle Suppression

Curvelet-based Bayesian Estimator for Speckle Suppression Curvelet-based  Bayesian  Estimator  for  Speckle  Suppression  in  Ultrasound  Imaging Abstract.  Ultrasound images are inherently affected by speckle noise, and thus the reduction of this noise is a crucial pre-processing step for their successful interpretation. Bayesian estimation is a powerful signal estimation technique used for speckle noise removal in images. In the Bayesian-based despeckling schemes, the choice of suitable statistical models and the development of a shrinkage function for estimation of the noise-free signal are the major concerns. In this paper, a novel curvelet-based Bayesian estimation scheme for despeckling of ultrasound images is developed. The curvelet coefficients of the multiplicative degradation model of the noisy ultrasound image are additively decomposed into noise-free and signal-dependent noise components. The Cauchy and two-sided exponential distributions are assumed to be statistical models for the noise-free and signal-dependent noise components of the observed curvelet coefficients, respectively, and an efficient low-complexit y realization of the Bayesian estimator is proposed. The experimental results demonstrate the validity of the proposed despeckling scheme in providing a signifi cant suppression of the speckle noise and simultaneously preserving the image details. Keywords:Ultrasound imaging, curvelet transform, speckle noise, Bayesian estimation, statistical modeling. Introduction Ultrasound imaging is important for medical diagnosis and has the advantages of cost effectiveness, port-ability, acceptability and safety [1]. However, ultrasound images are of relatively poor quality due to its contamination by the speckle noise, which considerably degrades the image quality and leads to a negative impact on the diagnostic task. Thus, reducing speckle noise while preserving anatomic information is necessary to better delineate the regions of interest in the ultrasound images. In the work of speckle suppression in ultrasound images, many spatial-based techniques that employ either single-scale or multi-scale filtering have been developed in the literature [2-4]. Earlydeveloped single-scale spatial filtering [2] are limited in their capability for significantly reducing the speckle noise. More promising spatial single-scale techniques such as those using bilateral filtering [4] and nonlocal filtering [3] have been recently proposed. This work was supported in part by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada and in part by the Regroupement Strategique en Microelectronique du Quebec (ReSMiQ). These techniques depend on the size of the fi lter window, and hence, for a satisfactory speckle suppression, they require large computational time. Alternatively, multi-scale spatial techniques [5], based on partial differential equations, have been investigated in the literature. These techniques are iterative and can produce smooth images with preserved edges. However, important structural details are unfortunately degraded during the iteration process. As an appropriate alternative to spatial-based speckle suppression in ultrasound images, many other despeckling techniques based on different transform domains, such as the ones of wavelet, contourlet, and curvelet, have been recently proposed in the literature [6-8]. Wavelet transform has a good reputation as a tool for noise reduction but has the drawback of poor directionality, which makes its usage limited in many applications. Using contourlet transform provides an improved noise reduction performance due to its property of fi‚exible directional decomposability. However, curvelet transform offers a higher directional sensitivity than that of contourlet transform and is more efficient in representing the curve-like details in images. For the development of despeckling techniques based on transform domains, thresholding [7] has been presented as a technique to build linear estimators of the noise-free signal coefficients. However, the main drawback of this thresholding technique is in the difficulty of determining a suitable threshold value. To circumvent this problem, non-linear estimators [6] have been statistically developed based on Bayesian estimation formalism. For the development of an efficient Bayesian-based despeckling scheme, the choice of a suitable probability distribution to model the transform domain coefficients is a major concern. Also, while investigating a suitable statistical model, the complexity of the Bayesian estimation process should be taken into consideration. Consequently, special attention should be paid to the realization complexity of the Bayesian estimator that results from employing the selected probabilistic model in one of the Bayesian frameworks. In this paper, to achieve a satisfactory performance for despeckling of ultrasound images at a lower computational effort, a new curvelet-based Bayesian scheme is proposed. The multiplicative degradation model representing an observed ultrasound image is decomposed into an additive model consisting of noise-free and signal-dependent noise components. Two-sided exponential distribution is used as a prior statistical model for the curvelet coefficients of the signal-dependant noise. This model, along with the Cauchy distribution is used to develop a low-complexity Bayesian estimator. The performance of the proposed Bayesian despeckling scheme is evaluated on both syntheticallyspeckled and real ultrasound images, and the results are compared to that of some other existing despeckling schemes. Modeling of Curvelet Coefficients The multiplicative degradation model of a speckle-corrupted ultrasound image g(i,j) in the spatial domain is given by g(i,j) = v(i,j)s(i,j)(1) where v(i,j) and s(i,j) denote the noise-free image and the speckle noise, respectively. This model of the noisy observation of v(i,j) can be additively decomposed as a noise-free signal component and a signal-dependant noise: g(i,j) = v(i,j) + (s(i,j) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1)v(i,j) = v(i,j) + u(i,j)(2) where (s(i,j) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1)v(i,j) represents the signal-dependant noise. Taking the curvelet transform of (2) at level l, we have y[l,d](i,j) = x[l,d](i,j) + n[l,d](i,j)(3) where y[l,d](i,j), x[l,d](i,j) and n[l,d](i,j) denote, respectively, the (i,j)th curvelet coefficient of the observed image, the corresponding noise free image and the corresponding additive signal-dependant noise at direction d= 1,2,3, ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ·,D. In order to simplify the notation, we will henceforth drop both the superscripts land dand the index (i,j). In this work, in order to reduce the noise inherited in ultrasound images, we propose exploiting the statistical characteristics of the curvelet coefficients in (3) to derive an efficient Bayesian estimator. Thus, one needs to provide a prior probabilistic model for the curvelet coefficients of xand n. It has been shown that the distribution of the curvelet coefficients of noise-free images can be suitably modeled by the Cauchy distribution [9]. The zero-mean Cauchy distribution is given by px(x) = (ÃŽÂ ³/à Ã¢â€š ¬)(x2 + ÃŽÂ ³2)(4) where ÃŽÂ ³is the dispersion parameter. The noisy observation is used to estimate the Cauchy distribution parameter ÃŽÂ ³by minimizing the function 2   Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  yyt (t) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬  (t) eà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ dt(5) where à Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  y(t) is the empirical characteristic function corresponding to the curvelet coefficients yof 22 the noisy observation, à Ã¢â‚¬  y(t) = à Ã¢â‚¬  x(t)à Ã¢â‚¬  E(t), à Ã¢â‚¬  x(t) = eà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³|t|, and à Ã¢â‚¬  E(t) = eà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢(à Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½/2)|t| deviation à Ã†â€™Eobtained as with the standard à Ã†â€™E= MAD(y(i,j)) 0.6745 (6) In (6), MAD denotes the median absolute deviation operation. Now, in order to formulate the  Bayesian estimator, a prior statistical assumption for the curvelet coefficients of nof the signal dependant noise should also be assumed. From experimental observation, it is noticed that the tail  part of the empirical distribution of ndecays at a low rate. Hence, in this paper, we propose to use  a two-sided exponential (TSE) distribution given by 1 pn(n) =eà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|n|/ÃŽÂ ² 2ÃŽÂ ² (7) where ÃŽÂ ²is a positive real constant referred to as the scale parameter. The method of log-cummulants  (MoLC) is adopted to estimate the parameter ÃŽÂ ², and thus the estimated ÃŽÂ ²Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“ is obtained by using the  following expression: ÃŽÂ ²Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“ = exp 1N1  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   N2 log(y(i,j))+ ÃŽÂ ¾ (8) N1N2 i=1j=1 where ÃŽÂ ¾is the Euler-Mascheroni constant and N1 and N2 defi ne the size N1 ÃÆ'-N2 of the curvelet  subband considered. Bayesian Estimator Due to the fact that each of the Cauchy and TSE distributions has only one parameter, one could expect the process of Bayesian estimation to be of lower complexity. The values of the Bayes estimates xˆ  of the noise-free curvelet coefficients xof a subband under the quadratic loss function, which minimizes the mean square error (MSE), are given by the shrinkage function: xˆ (y) =px|y(x|y)xdx P pn(yà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢x)px(x)xdx =P p(yà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢x)p(x) (9) It is noted that a closed-form expression for xˆ (y) given by the above equation does not exist. Thus, in order to obtain the Bayesian estimates for the noise-free curvelet coefficients, the two integrations associated with (9) are numerically performed for each curvelet coefficient. Since this procedure requires an excessive computational effort, the bayseian estimates are obtained by replacing the associated integrals in (9) with infi nite series as suggested in [10]. Accordingly, the Bayesian shrinkage function can be expressed as eà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢y/ÃŽÂ ²[f (y)ÃŽÂ ¶] + ey/ÃŽÂ ²[ f(y) + ÃŽÂ ¶] xˆ (y) =(10) eà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢y/ÃŽÂ ²[f21(y) + ÃŽÂ ¶2] + ey/ÃŽÂ ²[à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢f22(y) + ÃŽÂ ¶2] where f11(y) = f12 (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢y) = sin(ÃŽÂ ³/ÃŽÂ ²) Im E( à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢y+ jÃŽÂ ³)à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Si(ÃŽÂ ³/ÃŽÂ ²) + à Ã¢â€š ¬ 1ÃŽÂ ²2 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢y+jÃŽÂ ³ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢cos(ÃŽÂ ³/ÃŽÂ ²)   Re   E1(ÃŽÂ ² + Ci(ÃŽÂ ³/ÃŽÂ ²) ,(11) f(y) = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢f 1à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢y+ jÃŽÂ ³ (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢y) = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ sin(ÃŽÂ ³/ÃŽÂ ²) Re E()+ Ci(ÃŽÂ ³/ÃŽÂ ²) 2122ÃŽÂ ³1ÃŽÂ ² 1à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢y+jÃŽÂ ³Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³cos(ÃŽÂ ³/ÃŽÂ ²)   Im   E1(ÃŽÂ ² à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Si(ÃŽÂ ³/ÃŽÂ ²) + 2 ,(12) ÃŽÂ ¶1 = lim f12 yà ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ (y) = sin(ÃŽÂ ³/ÃŽÂ ²) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Si(ÃŽÂ ³/ÃŽÂ ²) + à Ã¢â€š ¬ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢cos(ÃŽÂ ³/ÃŽÂ ²)Ci(ÃŽÂ ³/ÃŽÂ ²), and(13) ÃŽÂ ¶= lim f 11 (y) =sin(ÃŽÂ ³/ÃŽÂ ²)Ci(ÃŽÂ ³/ÃŽÂ ²) +cos(ÃŽÂ ³/ÃŽÂ ²) à Ã¢â€š ¬ Si(ÃŽÂ ³/ÃŽÂ ²) + (14) 222 yà ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ In the equations above, j= à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1, Im{ ·}and Re{ ·}are the imaginary and real parts, respectively, of a complex argument, and E1( ·), Si( ·) and Ci( ·) are, respectively, the exponential, sine and cosine  integral functions obtained as in [10]. Experimental Results Extensive experimentations are carried out in order to study the performance of the proposed despeckling scheme. The results are compared with those of other existing despeckling schemes that use improved-Lee fi ltering [2], adaptive-wavelet shrinkage [6], and contourlet thresholding [7]. Performance evaluation of the various despeckling schemes is conducted on synthetically-speckled and real ultrasound images. In the implementation of the proposed speckling scheme, the 5-level decomposition of the curvelet transform is applied. From the experimental observation, applying a higher level of decomposition of the curvelet transform does not lead to any improvement in the despeckling performance. Since the curvelet transform is a shift-variant transform, the cycle spinning [11] is performed on the observed noisy image to avoid any possible pseudo-Gibbs artifacts in the neighborhood of discontinuities. In the proposed despeckling scheme, only the detail curvelet coefficients are despec kled using the Bayesian shrinkage function in (10). The peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is used as a quantitative measure to assess the despeckling performance of the various schemes when applied on synthetically-speckled images. Table I gives the PSNR values obtained when applying the various schemes on two synthetically-speckled images of size 512ÃÆ'-512, namely, Lenaand Boat. It is obviously seen from this table that, in all cases, the proposed despeckling scheme provides higher values of PSNR compared to that provided by the other schemes. To have a better insight on the despeckling performance of the various schemes, the results in Table 1 are visualized in Figure 1. It is obvious from this fi gure that the superiority of the proposed scheme over the other schemes is more evident when a higher level of speckle noise is introduced to the test images. In order to study the performances of the various despeckling schemes on real ultrasound images, two images obtained from [12] and shown in Figure 2 are used. Since the noise-fr ee images cannot be made available, one can only give a subjective evaluation of the performance of the various despeckling schemes. From Figure 2, it is clearly seen that the schemes in [2] and [6] provide despeckled images that suffer from the presence of visually noticeable speckle noise. On the other hand, the scheme in [7] severely over-smooth the noisy images thus providing despeckled images in which some of the texture details are lost. However, the proposed despeckling scheme results in images with not only a signifi cant reduction in the speckle noise but also a good preservation of the textures of the original images. Table 1: The PSNR values obtained when applying the various despeckling schemes on Lenaand Boatimages contaminated by speckle noise at different levels. 34 [2] 32[6] 30[7] Proposed 28 26 24 22 20 18 0.10.20.30.40.50.71 Standard deviation of noise (a) 32 [2] 30[6] 28[7] Proposed 26 24 22 20 18 16 0.10.20.30.40.50.71 Standard deviation of noise (b) Fig. 1: Quantitative comparison between the various despeckling schemes in terms of PSNR values: (a) Lenaimage; (b) Boatimage. Conclusion In this paper, a new curvelet-based scheme for suppressing the speckle noise in ultrasound images has been developed in the framework of Bayesian estimation. The observed ultrasound image is fi rst additively decomposed into noise-free and signal-dependant noise components. The Cauchy and twosided exponential distributions have been used as probabilistic models for the curvelet coefficients of the noise-free and signal-dependant noise components, respectively, of the ultrasound image. The proposed probabilistic models of the curvelet coefficients of an observed ultrasound image has been employed to formulate a Bayesian shrinkage function in order to obtain the estimates of the noise-free curvelet coefficients. A low-complexity realization of this shrinkage function has been employed. Experiments have been carried out on both synthetically-speckled and real ultrasound images in order to demonstrate the performance of the proposed despeckling scheme. In comparison with some other ex isting despeckling schemes, the results have shown that the proposed scheme provides higher PSNR values and gives well-despeckled images with better diagnostic details. (b) (c)(d)(e)(f) (g)(h)(i)(j) Fig. 2: Qualitative comparison between the various despeckling schemes. (a)(b) Noisy ultrasound images. Despeckled images obtained by applying the schemes in (c)(g) [2] ,(d)(h) [6] ,(e)(i) [7] and (f)(j) the proposed scheme. References Dhawan, A.P.: Medical image analysis. Volume 31. John Wiley Sons (2011) Loupas, T., McDicken, W., Allan, P.:   An adaptive weighted median fi lter for speckle suppression in medical ultrasonic images. IEEE transactions on Circuits and Systems 36(1) (1989) 129-135 Coup ´e, P., Hellier, P., Kervrann, C., Barillot, C.: Nonlocal means-based speckle fi ltering for ultrasound images. IEEE transactions on image processing 18(10) (2009) 2221-2229 Sridhar, B., Reddy, K., Prasad, A.: An unsupervisory qualitative image enhancement using adaptive morphological bilateral fi lter for medical images. International Journal of Computer Applications 10(2i) (2014) 1 Abd-Elmoniem, K.Z., Youssef, A.B., Kadah, Y.M.: Real-time speckle reduction and coherence enhancement in ultrasound imaging via nonlinear anisotropic diffusion. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 49(9) (2002) 997-1014 Swamy, M., Bhuiyan, M., Ahmad, M.: Spatially adaptive thresholding in wavelet domain for despeckling of ultrasound images. IET Image Process 3(3) (2009) 147-162 Hiremath, P., Akkasaligar, P.T., Badiger, S.: Speckle reducing contourlet transform for medical ultrasound images. Int J Compt Inf Engg 4(4) (2010) 284-291 Jian, Z., Yu, Z., Yu, L., Rao, B., Chen, Z., Tromberg, B.J.: Speckle attenuation in optical coherence tomography by curvelet shrinkage. Optics letters 34(10) (2009) 1516-1518 Deng, C., Wang, S., Sun, H., Cao, H.: Multiplicative spread spectrum watermarks detection performance analysis in curvelet domain. In: 2009 International Conference on E-Business and Information System Security. (2009) Damseh, R.R., Ahmad, M.O.: A low-complexity mmse bayesian estimator for suppression of speckle in sar images. In: Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2016 IEEE International Symposium on, IEEE (2016) 1002-1005 Temizel, A., Vlachos, T., Visioprime, W.: Wavelet domain image resolution enhancement using cycle-spinning. Electronics Letters 41(3) (2005) 119-121 Siemens   Healthineers:   https://www.healthcare.siemens.com/ultrasound. Accessed:   2017-01-06.

Slave Trade Simulation

Slave Trade Simulation Paper 26 February 2013 Modern World ONL Trading slaves, a practice that has been described as inhumane, evil, or even blasphemous, left little room for sensitivity for those making the decisions of the trade. Often people wonder how such evil could continue in the world for as long as it did. â€Å"The rewards of the slave trade overwhelmed any religious inhibitions that some of the traders and other beneficiaries might have had. 1 [Islam’s Black Slaves, p. 159] I will explain the delicacies of the trade agreements of the Yao, Kilwa-based Swahili Trade Lineage, and of the Zanzibari Indian Trading Lineage. After taking control of Kilwa in the mid-1780s, Oman transferred the bulk of the slave and ivory trade there. 2 [Islam’s Black Slaves, p. 146] The Swahili Trading Lineage of Kilwa were pleased, as it leveled the playing field and enabled trade to be profitable for everyone of the area.If you are wondering how these slaves could have put up with such harsh conditions, keep in mind that, though the traders poorly treated slaves, the slave-owners often treated them more humanely. The ones who were not killed in the travel of the trade were lucky to be alive and thus weakened at the thought of revolt. As for the traders, many of their negotiations were so binding that they could not go back on an agreement at any cost. Trading elite were normally more concerned with upholding status as businessmen and thus, carried out any horror in the name of honor.The politics of the slave trade were very much like those of the 21st century, in the sense that some were at the tip of the pyramid, with those who were the middle and finally its base. Yao elite kept their honor and held their position on the ground level by providing for their people through trade. Their mercantile success also determined their power locally, as they were a matrilineal society. The Swahili Trading Lineage (A. K. A. the next level of the pyramid), who acquired t heir slaves from the Yao, were facing pressures from the Zanzibari Indian Traders, who were controlling more and more of their territory.These Zanzibari, who were actually Bhattians based in Oman, were looking to prove their worth with the Omani by influencing more trade in the Kilwa region, thus moving up a notch on the pyramid. The Omani (the eye of the pyramid) had recently forced the Portuguese out of power over their area, allowing for more even trade for the Swahili Trading Lineage. All were trying to hold their ground against the exerting power of the Omani while remaining in good relations with those who benefited them.The Yao headmen, who were having trouble keeping their slaves alive prior to the trade, had to make a decision as to where 50 additional slaves to be given to the Swahili Lineage would come from. They could have chosen to attack a neighboring village, which might have had devastating consequences. Second, they could have offered up criminals of local villages. This would run them the risk of upsetting powerful families and causing half of the headmen’s lives if expected profits were not realized.Third, they had the option of sending Yao traders to the Portuguese for the extra slaves. This would have caused prices to increase by 50%, which would have affected their probability of providing the right amount of slaves. For the Kilwa-based Swahili Trading Lineage, their main concern was conducting an effective and honorable business transaction in order to promote a marriage alliance with the Zanzibari Indian Trading Lineage. This would counter the growing authority the Zanzibari had over the Kilwas and protect their status as elites.In order to do so, they had to fairly treat the Yao traders while ensuring a profit of at least 10 slaves and a gift for the Zanzibari of at least 10 slaves as well. Possibly the most influential of the transaction were the Zanzibari Indian traders. They set the market prices and held the fate of the Kilw a-based lineage in their hands. For the trade, wealth was just as important as power for the few who conducted the human trade. Profits were estimated to be over 60 percent, substantially higher for anyone who simultaneously traded ivory. Traders were not inclined to let go of their influence at any cost. Those who stood in the way of a successful trade were eradicated or assimilated. Bibliography Ronald Segal,  Ã‚  Islam's Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora  ( New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002) Robert E. Strayer,  Ã‚  Ways of the World: A Brief Global History,  Volume II,  Since 1500  (New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2012) ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Ronald Segal,  Ã‚  Islam's Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora  ( New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002)

Analyzing Twain´s The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg and...

An enigmatic person strolls into a humble village secluded in the mountains, ignorant to many things. The enigma then enlightens the villagers to the truth whether good or bad. Mark Twain uses such a scenario in many of his works such as The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg, and The Mysterious Stranger. In both stories are set in small towns whos residents are oblivious to their own moral hypocrisy. The sudden appearance of a stranger spreading a sort of knowledge, initiates a chain of events the leads to certain residents to self-evaluate their own character and that of the whole human race. Its is through these Mysterious Strangers and the events they trigger that Twain is able to depict his unfiltered cynical view of the moral status†¦show more content†¦Twain through Satan claims that Mans ability to distinguish between right and wrong along with the free will to choose between them inadvertently creates the possibility of wrongdoing, as right and wrong are just constructs made to justify mans actions (Stranger 78). At a later point in the novel Twain shows that man applies their morals in a herd like mentality. Satan and Theodor witness a lynching, Theodore joins in stoning the victim, and Satan laughs at the fact that while the entire mob participated in the stoning sixty-two hypocrites had no wish to throw a stone, only doing so in order to avoid persecution from the rest of the mob (Twain Stranger 109). This shows the idea that while a man may be preaching something that is morally wrong yet will still have followers as long as they are vocal about it. At one point eleven girls are put to stake for witchcraft which Theodore concluded was a just and right cause yet when the girls screams got to loud he left as it was too dreadful(Twain Stranger 82). Satan spends much of his time with Theodor admonishing the human race for their acquisition of the Moral Sense and boasting his superiority for the lack of it. Contradicting Satan, Ronald Gervais who a rgues that the Moral Sense

World War One Essay - 4745 Words

Question and answer format of everything in world war 1 1. Machine guns: These weapons were first used in the American Civil War to devastating effect. But with World War One their effectiveness reached frightening new levels. Firing up to 600 bullets a minute (the equivalent of 250 men with rifles), Machine Guns were then deemed to be ‘weapons of mass destruction. Machine guns would often be grouped together to maintain a constant defensive position. 2. Artillery: These were the new and upgraded versions of cannons. Never in the history of man, where there so many cannons used in one war alone. For four years the British had been using artillery and firing 170 million shells in that time. But Germany had a plan up their sleeve. For†¦show more content†¦The basic idea of a flamethrower is to spread fire by launching burning fuel. The earliest flamethrowers date as far back as the 5th century B.C. These took the form of lengthy tubes filled with burning solids (such as coal or sulphur), and which were used in the same way as blow-guns: by blowing into one end of the tube the solid material inside would be propelled towards the operators enemies. 11. Trench Mortars: As with the grenade the mortar was yet another old weapon which found a new lease of life during World War One. A mortar is essentially a short, stumpy tube designed to fire a projectile at a steep angle (by definition higher than 45 degrees) so that it falls straight down on the enemy. From this simple description it will be immediately apparent that the mortar was ideally suited for trench warfare, hence the common application of the trench prefix. 2. What is no mans land: No Mans Land is the term used by soldiers to describe the ground between the two opposing trenches. Its width along the Western Front could vary a great deal. The average distance in most sectors was about 250 yards (230 metres). 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